Febre amarela: uma trilha inacabada
Palavras-chave:
Arboviroses, Febre amarela, Vírus da febre amarela, Flavivírus, Vacina da febre amarela, Medicina de viagemResumo
A febre amarela (FA) é uma infecção aguda causada por um flavivírus transmitido principalmente por mosquitos dos gêneros Haemogogus, Sabethes e Aedes que afetam humanos e primatas não humanos (PNH). A doença é endêmica e enzoótica em várias regiões tropicais nas Américas e na África, com surtos periódicos. Na sua forma mais grave, causa febre hemorrágica com alta taxa de letalidade (20% a 50%). Apesar de existir uma vacina segura e eficaz desde 1937, a existência do ciclo silvestre de transmissão envolvendo mosquitos e PNH torna a erradicação inviável. Nos últimos anos, surtos explosivos vêm sendo documentados na África e América do Sul. O risco de epidemias, especialmente em ambientes urbanos densamente povoados, aumentou substancialmente devido à reinvasão do Aedes aegypti em áreas urbanas, à urbanização rápida e desorganizada, à intensa mobilidade populacional e à diminuição da cobertura vacinal. É importante ressaltar que as pessoas que viajam para regiões endêmicas representam uma população em risco de exposição ao vírus da FA, e uma vez infectadas podem contribuir para a disseminação da doença para áreas não endêmicas. A vacinação é recomendada para pessoas com mais de 9 meses de idade que moram ou que viajam para áreas endêmicas. Os eventos recentes de reemergência da doença reforçam a relevância da FA como uma grave ameaça para a saúde humana e a necessidade de uma melhor compreensão e monitoramento da doença.
Referências
Staples JE, Monath TP. Yellow fever: 100 years of discovery. JAMA 2008;300(8):960-2. DOI: 10.1001/jama.300.8.960
World Health Organization. Yellow fever [Internet]. 2019. Acesso em: 24 nov de 2023. Disponível em: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/yellow-fever
Douam F, Ploss A. Yellow Fever Virus: Knowledge Gaps Impeding the Fight Against an Old Foe. Trends Microbiol 2018;26(11):913-28. DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2018.05.012
Beasley DWC, McAuley AJ, Bente DA. Yellow fever virus: Genetic and phenotypic diversity and implications for detection, prevention and therapy. Antiviral Research 2015;115:48-70. DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2014.12.010
World Health Organization. Risk assessment on yellow fever virus circulation in endemic countries: working document from an informal consultation of experts: a protocol risk assessment at the field level [Internet]. World Health Organization; 2014. Acesso em: 24 nov de 2022. Report No.: WHO/HSE/PED/CED/2014.2. Disponível em: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/112751
Pedro Fernando da Costa Vasconcelos. Yellow fever. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2003;36:275–93. DOI: 10.1590/S0037-86822003000200012
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Transmission of Yellow Fever Virus [Internet]. 2019. Acesso: em 24 nov de 2023. Disponível em: https://www.cdc.gov/yellowfever/transmission/index.html
Couto-Lima D, Madec Y, Bersot MI, Campos SS, Motta M de A, Santos FBD, et al. Potential risk of re-emergence of urban transmission of Yellow Fever virus in Brazil facilitated by competent Aedes populations. Sci Rep 2017;7(1):4848. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-05186-3
Benedict MQ, Levine RS, Hawley WA, Lounibos LP. Spread of The Tiger: Global Risk of Invasion by The Mosquito Aedes albopictus. Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases 2007;7(1):76–85. DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2006.0562
Monath TP, Vasconcelos PFC. Yellow fever. J Clin Virol 2015;64:160-73. DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2014.08.030
Gaythorpe KAM, Jean K, Cibrelus L, Garske T. Quantifying model evidence for yellow fever transmission routes in Africa. Ferrari M (Matt), organizador. PLoS Comput Biol 2019;15(9):e1007355. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1007355
Hamer DH. Fatal Yellow Fever in Travelers to Brazil, 2018. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2018;67(11):340-341. DOI: 10.15585/mmwr.mm6711e1
Ho YL, Joelsons D, Leite GFC, Malbouisson LMS, Song ATW, Perondi B, et al. Severe yellow fever in Brazil: clinical characteristics and management. J Travel Med 2019;26(5):taz040. DOI: 10.1093/jtm/taz040
Kallas EG, D’Elia Zanella LGFAB, Moreira CHV, Buccheri R, Diniz GBF, Castiñeiras ACP, et al. Predictors of mortality in patients with yellow fever: an observational cohort study. Lancet Infect Dis 2019;19(7):750-8. DOI: 10.1016/S1473-3099(19)30125-2
Lindsey NP, Horton J, Barrett ADT, Demanou M, Monath TP, Tomori O, et al. Yellow fever resurgence: An avoidable crisis? npj Vaccines 2022;7(1):1-3. DOI: 10.1038/s41541-022-00552-3
Grobbelaar AA, Weyer J, Moolla N, Jansen van Vuren P, Moises F, Paweska JT. Resurgence of Yellow Fever in Angola, 2015–2016. Emerg Infect Dis 2016;22(10):1854–5. DOI: 10.3201/eid2210.160818
Barrett ADT. The reemergence of yellow fever. Science 2018;361(6405):847–8. DOI: 10.1126/science.aau8225
Possas C, Lourenço-de-Oliveira R, Tauil PL, Pinheiro F de P, Pissinatti A, Cunha RV da, et al. Yellow fever outbreak in Brazil: the puzzle of rapid viral spread and challenges for immunisation. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2018;113(10): e180278. DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760180278
Silva NIO, Sacchetto L, de Rezende IM, Trindade G de S, LaBeaud AD, de Thoisy B, et al. Recent sylvatic yellow fever virus transmission in Brazil: the news from an old disease. Virology Journal 2020;17(1):9. DOI: 10.1186/s12985-019-1277-7
Faria NR, Kraemer MUG, Hill SC, Goes De Jesus J, Aguiar RS, Iani FCM, et al. Genomic and epidemiological monitoring of yellow fever virus transmission potential. Science 2018;361(6405):894–9. DOI: 10.1126/science.aat7115
World Health Organization. Fractional dose yellow fever vaccine as a dose-sparing option for outbreak response: WHO Secretariat information paper. 2016. Acesso em: 15 dez de 2023. Disponível em: https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/246236
Roukens AHE, Visser LG. Fractional-dose yellow fever vaccination: an expert review. Journal of Travel Medicine 2019;26(6):taz024. DOI: 10.1093/jtm/taz024
Martins RM, Maia M de LS, Farias RHG, Camacho LAB, Freire MS, Galler R, et al. 17DD yellow fever vaccine: a double blind, randomized clinical trial of immunogenicity and safety on a dose-response study. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2013;9(4):879-88. DOI: 10.4161/hv.22982
Juan-Giner A, Kimathi D, Grantz KH, Hamaluba M, Kazooba P, Njuguna P, et al. Immunogenicity and safety of fractional doses of yellow fever vaccines: a randomised, double-blind, non-inferiority trial. Lancet 2021;397(10269):119-27. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)32520-4
World Health Organization. A global strategy to eliminate yellow fever epidemics (EYE) 2017–2026 [Internet]. World Health Organization; 2018. Acesso em: 02 dez de 2023. 54 p. Disponível em: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/272408
World Health Organization. Immunization coverage [Internet]. 2022. Acesso em: 02 dez de 2023. Disponível em: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/immunization-coverage
World Health Organization. Yellow Fever in West and Central Africa. Weekly Bulletin on Outbreaks and Other Emergencies [Internet]. 2 de janeiro de 2022. Acesso em: 17 dez de 2023;(Week 1: 27 December 2021 – 2 January 2022). Disponível em: https://iris.who.int/bitstream/handle/10665/350967/OEW01-271202012022.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
Monath TP, Cetron MS. Prevention of yellow fever in persons traveling to the tropics. Clin Infect Dis 2002;34(10):1369-78. DOI: 10.1086/340104
Monath TP, Barrett AD. Pathogenesis and pathophysiology of yellow fever. Adv Virus Res 2003;60:343-95. DOI: 10.1016/s0065-3527(03)60009-6
Quaresma JAS, Pagliari C, Medeiros DBA, Duarte MIS, Vasconcelos PFC. Immunity and immune response, pathology and pathologic changes: progress and challenges in the immunopathology of yellow fever. Rev Med Virol 2013;23(5):305-18. DOI: 10.1002/rmv.1752
Olímpio FA, Falcão LFM, Carvalho MLG, da Costa Lopes J, Mendes CCH, Filho AJM, et al. Endothelium Activation during Severe Yellow Fever Triggers an Intense Cytokine-Mediated Inflammatory Response in the Liver Parenchyma. Pathogens 2022;11(1):101. DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11010101
Bailey AL, Kang LI, Zanella LGF de ABD, Silveira CGT, Ho YL, Foquet L, et al. Consumptive coagulopathy of severe yellow fever occurs independently of hepatocellular tropism and massive hepatic injury. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 2020; 117(51):32648-32656. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2014096117
Johansson MA, Vasconcelos PFC, Staples JE. The whole iceberg: estimating the incidence of yellow fever virus infection from the number of severe cases. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2014;108(8):482-7. DOI: 10.1093/trstmh/tru092
Johansson MA, Arana-Vizcarrondo N, Biggerstaff BJ, Staples JE. Incubation periods of Yellow fever virus. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2010;83(1):183-8. DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.2010.09-0782
Tuboi SH, Costa ZGA, da Costa Vasconcelos PF, Hatch D. Clinical and epidemiological characteristics of yellow fever in Brazil: analysis of reported cases 1998-2002. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2007;101(2):169-75. DOI: 10.1016/j.trstmh.2006.04.001
Pan American Health Organization (PAHO). Laboratory Diagnosis of Yellow Fever Virus infection [Internet]. 2018. Acesso em: 02 dez de 2023. Disponível em: https://www.paho.org/en/documents/laboratory-diagnosis-yellow-fever-virus-infection
Domingo C, Charrel RN, Schmidt-Chanasit J, Zeller H, Reusken C. Yellow fever in the diagnostics laboratory. Emerg Microbes Infect 2018;7:129. DOI: 10.1038/s41426-018-0128-8
Brasil. Ministério da Saúde. Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde. Departamento de Imunização e Doenças Transmissíveis. Manual de manejo clínico da febre amarela [Internet]. 2020. Disponível em: http://bvsms.saude.gov.br/bvs/publicacoes/manual_manejo_clinico_febre_amarela.pdf
Pan American Health Organization (PAHO). Clinical Management of Yellow Fever in the Region of the Americas. Experiences and Recommendations for Health Services [Internet]. 2023. Acesso em: 30 nov de 2023]. Disponível em:https://iris.paho.org/bitstream/handle/10665.2/57318/OPSPHEIHM220003_eng.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
Monath TP. Treatment of yellow fever. Antiviral Res 2008;78(1):116-24. DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2007.10.009
Waggoner JJ, Rojas A, Pinsky BA. Yellow Fever Virus: Diagnostics for a Persistent Arboviral Threat. J Clin Microbiol 2018;56(10):e00827-18. DOI: 10.1128/JCM.00827-18
Low JG, Ng JHJ, Ong EZ, Kalimuddin S, Wijaya L, Chan YFZ, et al. Phase 1 Trial of a Therapeutic Anti-Yellow Fever Virus Human Antibody. N Engl J Med 2020;383(5):452-9. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa2000226
Escosteguy CC, Pereira AGL, Marques MRVE, Lima TR de A, Galliez RM, Medronho R de A. Yellow fever: profile of cases and factors associated with death in a hospital in the State of Rio de Janeiro, 2017-2018. Rev Saúde Pública 2019;53:89. DOI: 10.11606/s1518-8787.2019053001434
Casadio L, Nastri AC, Malta FM, Araujo J, Silva JB, Salomao J, et al. Late-Onset Relapsing Hepatitis Associated with Yellow Fever. N Engl J Med 2020;382(21):2059-61. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMc1913036
Rezende IM, Pereira LS, Fradico JRB, Pascoal Xavier MA, Alves PA, Campi-Azevedo AC, et al. Late-Relapsing Hepatitis after Yellow Fever. Viruses 2020;12(2):222. DOI: 10.3390/v12020222
Denis B, Chirio D, Ponscarme D, Brichler S, Colin de Verdière N, Simon F, et al. Hepatitis Rebound after Infection with Yellow Fever Virus. Emerg Infect Dis 2019;25(6):1248-9. DOI: 10.3201/eid2506.190069
Poland JD, Calisher CH, Monath TP, Downs WG, Murphy K. Persistence of neutralizing antibody 30-35 years after immunization with 17D yellow fever vaccine. Bull World Health Organ 1981;59(6):895-900. PMID: 6978196
World Health Organization. Vaccines and vaccination against yellow fever – WHO Position Paper – June 2013. Weekly Epidemiological Records [Internet]. 2013. Acesso em: 15 dez de 2023];27(5). Disponível em: https://iris.who.int/bitstream/handle/10665/242089/WER8827_269-283.PDF?sequence=1
Staples JE, Bocchini JA, Rubin L, Fischer M, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Yellow Fever Vaccine Booster Doses: Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices, 2015. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2015;64(23):647-50. PMID: 26086636
Committee to Advise on Tropical Medicine and Travel (CATMAT). Statement on the Use of Booster Doses of Yellow Fever Vaccine [Internet]. 2018. Acesso em: 15 dez de 2023. Disponível em: https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/publications/diseases-conditions/use-booster-doses-yellow-fever-vaccine.html
Mark Gershman, J. Erin Staples. Yellow Fever. Em: CDC Yellow Book 2024: Health Information for International Travel [Internet]. Acesso em: 15 dez de 2023. Disponível em: https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/yellowbook/2024/infections-diseases/yellow-fever
Lindsey NP, Schroeder BA, Miller ER, Braun MM, Hinckley AF, Marano N, et al. Adverse event reports following yellow fever vaccination. Vaccine 2008;26(48):6077-82. DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.09.009
Lindsey NP, Rabe IB, Miller ER, Fischer M, Staples JE. Adverse event reports following yellow fever vaccination, 2007-13. J Travel Med 2016;23(5):taw045. DOI: 10.1093/jtm/taw045
Eidex RB. History of thymoma and yellow fever vaccination. The Lancet 2004;364(9438):936. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(04)17017-7
Rafferty E, Duclos P, Yactayo S, Schuster M. Risk of yellow fever vaccine-associated viscerotropic disease among the elderly: a systematic review. Vaccine 2013;31(49):5798-805. DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.09.030
Khromava AY, Eidex RB, Weld LH, Kohl KS, Bradshaw RD, Chen RT, et al. Yellow fever vaccine: an updated assessment of advanced age as a risk factor for serious adverse events. Vaccine 2005;23(25):3256-63. DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2005.01.089
World Health Organization. Country vaccination requirements and WHO recommendations for vaccination against yellow fever, poliomielytis, and malaria prophylaxis in international travellers [Internet]. 2022. Acesso em: 15 dez de 2023. Disponível em: https://cdn.who.int/media/docs/default-source/travel-and-health/vaccination-requirements-and-who-recommendations-ith-2022-country-list.pdf
Kácha O, Kovács BE, McCarthy C, Schuurmans AAT, Dobyns C, Haller E, et al. An Approach to Establishing International Quality Standards for Medical Travel. Frontiers in Public Health [Internet]. 2016;4:29. DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2016.00029
Traiber C, Coelho-Amaral P, Ritter VRF, Winge A. Infant meningoencephalitis caused by yellow fever vaccine virus transmitted via breastmilk. J Pediatr (Rio J) 2011;87:269-72. DOI: 10.1590/S0021-75572011000300015
Kuhn S, Twele-Montecinos L, MacDonald J, Webster P, Law B. Case report: probable transmission of vaccine strain of yellow fever virus to an infant via breast milk. CMAJ 2011;183(4):E243-5. DOI: 10.1503/cmaj.100619
Cancado B, Aranda C, Mallozi M, Weckx L, Sole D. Yellow fever vaccine and egg allergy. The Lancet Infectious Diseases 2019;19(8):812. DOI: 10.1016/S1473-3099(19)30355-X
Gerhardt CMB, Castro APBM, Pastorino AC, Dorna M de B, Nunes-Santos C de J, Aquilante BP, et al. Safety of yellow fever vaccine administration in confirmed egg-allergic patients. Vaccine 2020;38(42):6539-44. DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.08.020
Staples JE, Barrett ADT, Wilder-Smith A, Hombach J. Review of data and knowledge gaps regarding yellow fever vaccine-induced immunity and duration of protection. npj Vaccines. 6 de julho de 2020;5(1):1-7.
